In order to study the LITTLESEED CANARYGRASS (Phalaris minor) resistance to diclofop - methyl herbicide an experiment was conducted at Department of Weed Science, Plant Protection Research Institute greenhouse in 2004-2005. The type of design was completely randomized design, with four replications per treatment. Treatments included sixteen Phalaris populations treated with recommended dose of diclofop - methyl (900 gr ai/ha). In this experiment eight populations: GR13, KhR2, FR7, FR2, FR4, GR12, KhR5 and KhR3 that contain GR50 and LD50 more than 50%, showed resistancy when treated with recommended dose with diclofop - methyl. The rate of resistancy for above mentioned populations dry weight was 7.26, 8.11, 9.36, 11.18, 12.66, 16.77, 20.35 and 24.25, and for the number of survived plants was 8.65, 10, 10.82, 12.54, 14.15, 15.06, 16.14 and 20.32 respectively.

It is possible to increase the efficacy of herbicides by adding vegetable oils to the spray tank. In order to evaluate and study this fact a greenhouse study was conducted. Three vegetable oils: coconut, sesame and almond oils at 0. 3% (v/v) were applied to compare their influence on enhancing the efficacy of pinoxaden and haloxyfop-R-methyl on LITTLESEED CANARYGRASS Phalaris minor Retz. (Poaceae) control, in 2012. The experimental design was completely randomized design with six replications in a factorial arrangement for each herbicide. The factors for each herbicide included vegetable oils in three levels and herbicide dose at six levels (0, 6, 12. 5, 25, 50 and 100 percent of recommended doses). The results of experiment revealed that by adding each vegetable oils haloxyfop-R-methyl ester weed suppressing influence was further increased compared to pinoxaden which was attributed to a positive relationship between oil receptivity and the high octanol– water partition coefficient of haloxyfop-R-methyl ester herbicide. Among the evaluated vegetable oils, coconut oil had the highest ability to enhance the efficacy of the two herbicides.

To study the effects of different treatments on breaking seed dormancy on LITTLESEED CANARYGRASS a factorial experiment based on RCBD with 4 replications was conducted at the Weeds Science Laboratory Ferdowsi University of Mashhad.19 treatments were selected for this experiment. Treatments include: Hot water treatment (500c for 2, 4 and 6 minutes), treated with sand paper for 5 minutes, concentrated sulfuric acid (3, 6 and 9 minutes), stratification at (5 and 10 0c) for 5 days, concentrated sulfuric acid for 3, 6 and 9 minutes+5 days of stratification, soaking treatments 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours, treatment with potassium nitrate , potassium nitrate+ stratification treatment and control were used for this experiment. The results showed that the effect of light conditions (light/dark and constant darkness) and the effect of different treatments on seed dormancy and two light regimes on the LITTLESEED Canary grass seed germination, but the study of treatments for the seeds to sleep CANARYGRASS was observed a significant difference at p<0.01 level. Results showed that had (96%) sulfuric acid 6 min at two levels of continuous darkness and light/dark had the greatest effect that respectively, were 93 and 98% percent. The lowest germination percentage was observed in control treatments and moist chilling for 10 days, respectively, 16.5 at light/dark condition and 11 percent at continuous darkness condition in breaking dormancy of LITTLESEED canary grass seeds indicating that likely hard seed coat in the primary mechanism of seed dormancy in LITTLESEED canary grass.

To review wheat and canary grass inter-species and intra-species competition as well as dynamic analysis of their interference, an experiment was conducted in 2001-2002 at the research station agricultural of Ghaemshahr Azad university The experiment included 45 plots and each plot had various more or less density of phalaris minor in constant relatively density of Triticum aestivum, During growth season, for all plots within a quadrate by 50×60 centimeters, leaf area, dry weight and plant density, also at the end of season, those characters, were measured separately, At the end of the experiment, wheat single plant biomass Neperian logarithm model was used to estimate the interference, The results showed that during the growth season, wheat intra-species competition was more than interference with canary grass(Interspecies synergism), During the most part of the growth period, canary grass had an stimulating role on wheat, but as compared with the effects of wheat intra-species competition, this role appeared to be less, At end of the growth stages, canary grass role in interference with wheat had been explained as a competition and this subject is confirmed to the superiority of the relative competition effect and its high leaf area index.

In order to evaluate resistance of Phalaris minor biotypes, sampled from wheat fields of Fars and Golestan provinces, to ACCase inhibiting herbicides, a dose-response study was conducted under controlled conditions in greenhouse of Ferdwosi University of Mashhad. The results indicated that AR, SR3, MR4, FR2, FR4, and FR8 populations of Fars and GR2-1 biotype from Golestan have been resistant to diclofop-methlyl. Different levels of resistance maybe are because of involving different mechanisms in studied populations. AR, SR3, and MR4 showed a cross-resistance to the applied herbicides. These biotypes indicated a 5- to 11-fold and a 7- to 8-fold increase in resistance to diclofop-methlyl and clodinafop-propargyl, respectively compared with the susceptible biotype. Among these biotypes, SR3 showed the highest resistance to both herbicides.

Different models have been developed to describe the germination responses of seeds to temperature among which the thermal time (heat unit) model has received the greatest implications. Although biologically relevant, the thermal time model is confined to some assumptions which may not be met in some species (particularly in weed species) and thus can result in poor predictions. In this paper we address a novel Weibull-based model which is not only more biologically relevant but also provides better predictions of germination compared to the conventional model.Therefore, in a laboratory experiment the seed germination of wild barley (Hordeum spontaneum) and little canary grass (Phalaris minor) was tested at various sub- and super-optimal temperatures including 8, 12, 16, 20, 24 and 28oC.Both models were then fitted to the data and compared. The conventional thermal time model provided very poor fits to the germination data of both (particularlyP. minor) (RMSE=9% to 12%). However, the new model well fitted to the same datasets with only 4% error (i.e. RMSE). The Weibull-based model was also good at estimating the germination lag, germination rate and final percent germination in either of weeds studied. Separating the effect of temperature on germination rate and germination extent is suggested to be amongst the most significant ecological properties of the model. For example, the optimum temperature for mid germination rate (21.8oC in H. spontaneum and 23.5oC in P.minor) was found to be higher than and beyond the optimum range of germination extent (7.5 to 20oC in H.spontaneumand 7.5 to 16oC in P. minor). This can give the two species a high degree of germination plasticity in response to the environmental temperatures.

Adjutants' ability in enhancing the performance of herbicides is a major priority in adjuvant research. To identify an appropriate adjuvant for pinoxaden and clodinafop propargyl herbicides against LITTLESEED CANARYGRASS (Phalaris minor Retz.), common wild oat (Avena fatua L.) and ryegrass (Lolium temulentum L.), three separate experiments were conducted under greenhouse conditions. In all experiments treatments consisted of five doses of pinoxaden and two doses of each of the three commercial formulations of clodinafop propargyl (Topik, Behpik & Karent), with and without the adjuvants Adigor, Citogate, Citohef and Volk. Performance of all herbicides increased with enhancing their concentrations against the tested plants except for clodinafop propargyl in case of wild oat. The addition of Volk (followed by Adigor) had the highest effect on pinoxaden efficacy against ryegrass and LITTLESEED CANARYGRASS, supporting the idea that either Volk or Adigor solubilizes the cuticular waxes thus facilitating their uptake. Adding Volk and Adigor had the highest and lowest influence on pinoxaden performance against wild oat, respectively. Totally, the adjuvant receptivity for pinoxaden was higher than for clodinafop propargyl. Between the two surfactants, Citogate was more effective than Citohef in enhancing the efficacy of pinoxaden against ryegrass and LITTLESEED CANARYGRASS, while, Citohef was more effective in increasing the efficacy of pinoxaden against wild oat.

To evaluate the resistance of wild oat (Avena ludoviciana), annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) and LITTLESEED CANARYGRASS (Phalaris spp.) in wheat fields of Fars, Khouzestan, Golestan and Ilam Provinces of Iran to clodinafop-propargyl herbicide from ACCase inhibitors of aryloxyphenoxy propionate classes, 6 separate indoor experiments were conducted in the greenhouses of the Department of Weed Research in the Iranian Research Institute for Plant Protection. The experiments were conducted by using 19 populations of wild oat (including 15 questionably resistant populations and 4 susceptible populations), 14 LITTLESEED CANARYGRASS populations (including 10 suspected-resistant populations and 4 susceptible populations) and 9 annual ryegrass populations (including 8 questionably resistant populations and 1 susceptible mass) from Fars Province, 4 populations of wild oat (including 3 questionably resistant populations and 1 susceptible mass) from Lorestan Province, 17 LITTLESEED CANARYGRASS populations (including 16 probably resistant populations and 1 susceptible mass) from Khouzestan Province, and 12 LITTLESEED CANARYGRASS populations (including 11 questionably resistant populations and 1 susceptible mass) from Golestan Province. All the experiments were conducted separately in the form of a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). A pot under no-herbicide application was also included as control. The remaining weeds number and dry weight percentage were calculated 30 days after herbicide application, and were then compared with their relative figures before herbicide application. A mass was recognized resistant only if it retained 80% of its number and 50% of its dry weight, in comparisonto the control. On this basis, 4 resistant and 2 questionably resistant LITTLESEED CANARYGRASS populations, 6 resistant and 3 questionably resistant wild oat populations and 5 resistant and 3 questionably resistant Annual Ryegrass populations were identified in Fars Province. In Ilam Province, 2 resistant wild oat populations were identified. Overall, in this experiment 75 populations including 63 questionably resistant and 12 susceptible populations were evaluated. Amongst the 63 questionably resistant populations (including 37 LITTLESEED CANARYGRASS, 18 wild oat and 8 annual ryegrass populations), 28 totally resistant populations (including 12 LITTLESEED CANARYGRASS, 11 wild oat and 8 annual ryegrass populations) and 10 probably resistant (consisting of 4 LITTLESEED CANARYGRASS populations, 3 wild oat populations and 3 annual ryegrass populations) were detected. In other words, approximately 60% (44% resistant and 16% probably resistant) of all evaluated questionably resistant populations were identified as resistant and probably resistant.

A set of field and greenhouse experiments were conducted in 2004-2005 to study antagonistic effects of 2,4-D plus MCPA with clodinafop propargyl in wheat. The field experiments were conducted in Maybod and Oroumieh, where tank mixture of 2,4-D plus MCPA at 0, 975 and 1300 g ai ha-1, with clodinafop propargyl at 0, 64, 80, 96 and 112 g ai ha-1 in factorial arrangement and four replications per treatment. Hoary cress (Cardaria draba (L.) Desv.), LITTLESEED CANARYGRASS (Phalaris minor Retz.), haresear mustard (Conringia orientalis (L.) Dumort.) and downy brome (Bromus tectorum L.) were the dominant weed species in the field experiments. Greenhouse experiments further evaluated the efficacy of these tank mixtures on prostrate knotweed (Polygonum aviculare L.), LITTLESEED CANARYGRASS and poison ryegrass (Lolium temulentum L.). In the field, herbicides were applied at wheat tillering while in the greenhouse the herbicides were applied at the beginning of tillering stage and at four-leaf stage of grass and broadleaf weeds, respectively. The most satisfactory tank mixture was 2,4-D plus MCPA at 975 and 1300 g ai ha-1 with clodinafop propargyl at 96 g ai ha-1. Yield increased when tank mix of clodinafop propargyl with 2,4-D plus MCPA was applied on wheat. To prevent clodinafop propargyl efficacy reduction due to tank mixing with 2,4-D plus MCPA, the application dose (64 g ai ha-1) should be increased to 96 g ai ha-1.

In order to investigate the changes in weed flora in the irrigated wheat fields of Isfahan county over a 15-year period (from 2019 to 2004), a systematic sampling of weeds was conducted in 100 farms with W pattern during wheat tillering to stem elongation stages. In 2004, the dominant weed species was winter wild oat (Avena ludoviciana) with a abundance index of 76.1; however, in 2019 three weed species, including winter wild oat, wild barley (Hordeum spontaneum), and LITTLESEED CANARYGRASS (Phalaris minor) were recognized as the dominant species with abundance indices of 70.1, 42.3, and 28.6, respectively. In 2004, the dominant broadleaf weed species were lambsquarters (Chenopodium album) with a dominance index of 67.9 and prostrate knotweed (Polygonum aviculare) with a dominance index of 31.96. However, in 2019, the highest dominance indices were observed in lambsquarters, prostrate knotweed, and Flixweed (Descurainia Sophia) with abundance indices of 78.4, 38.5, and 39.04, respectively. The correlation between weed distribution and soil factors (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, soil texture, and electrical conductivity), crop rotation, and herbicides was examined using canonical correspondence analysis (CCA). LITTLESEED CANARYGRASS, wild barley, field brome (Bromus commutatus), licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra), hoary cress (Cardaria draba), and yellow sweet clover (Melilotus officinalis) showed the highest correlation with soil nitrogen levels.